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1.
Int Dent J ; 67(4): 197-205, 2017 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28417452

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Odontogenic infections, and especially endodontic infections, are polymicrobial, involving a combination of Gram-positive and Gram-negative facultative anaerobes and strictly anaerobic bacteria. Therefore, antibiotics can be used as an adjunct to endodontic treatment. However, most chronic and even acute endodontic infections can be successfully managed by disinfection of the root-canal system, which eliminates the source of infection, followed by abscess drainage or tooth extraction, without the need for antibiotics. The literature provides evidence of inadequate prescribing practices by dentists. The aim of this concise review was to analyse the worldwide pattern of antibiotic prescription in endodontic infections. METHODS: Comprehensive searches were conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed, Wiley Online Database, Web of Science and Scopus. The databases were searched up to 13 March 2016 for studies in which dentists used systemic antibiotics to treat endodontic lesions and which reported data on the type of antibiotic prescribed and on the diagnosis of the endodontic disease treated. RESULTS: The electronic and hand searches identified 69 titles, of which 25 were included in the final analysis. Amoxicillin was reported as the drug of choice for endodontic infections in most countries, and clindamycin and erythromycin were the choice for patients allergic to penicillin. Dentists worldwide prescribe antibiotics for non-indicated conditions, such as pulpitis. CONCLUSION: Antibiotics are overprescribed for the management of endodontic infections. It is necessary to improve antibiotic-prescribing habits in the treatment of endodontic infections, as well as to introduce educational initiatives to encourage the coherent and proper use of antibiotics in such conditions.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Prescrições de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Padrões de Prática Odontológica , Pulpite/tratamento farmacológico , África , Ásia , Austrália , Europa (Continente) , Humanos , Uso Excessivo de Medicamentos Prescritos/estatística & dados numéricos , América do Sul , Estados Unidos
2.
Endodoncia (Madr.) ; 34(3): 137-148, jul.-sept. 2016. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-157726

RESUMO

Los términos geminación y fusion dentaria son utilizados para describir dos anomalías dentarias por unión en las que se afectan el número, la estructura, la forma, y el tamaño dentario. Su diagnóstico diferencial es muy complicado, a pesar de los numerosos casos que se pueden encontrar en la literatura. Es por ello, que muchos autores denominan a este grupo de anomalías como «diente doble» o «diente gemelo», considerándolos así como términos sinónimos. El diagnóstico y tratamiento del «diente doble» es un desafío para el dentista, así como su nomenclatura. Debe llevarse a cabo un diagnóstico diferencial con la macrodoncia. Los dientes afectados representan frecuentemente un problema estético, siendo más susceptibles a la caries y a la enfermedad periodontal. Es necesario llevar a cabo un examen clínico y radiográfico exhaustivo, para obtener un diagnóstico correcto que permita alcanzar un tratamiento temprano, en caso de que sea necesario. La opción de tratamiento del «diente doble» depende del tipo de dentición afectada, la repercusión estética, la morfología del arco dental y el patrón de oclusión. Cuando se requiere tratamiento endodóncico, es obligatorio prestar más atención durante determinadas fases, especialmente en el diagnóstico radiológico, y en el acceso y localización de conductos. Este artículo discute la prevalencia, etiología, patogenia, diagnóstico diferencial y tratamiento del diente doble mediante cuatro casos clínicos


Gemination and fusion are terms used to describe two dental anomalies by union, where number, shape, structure and tooth size are affected. Differential diagnosis is complicated, in spite of numerous cases described in literature. Thereby, many authors describe this group of anomalies as «double teeth» or «twin-teeth», considering them as synonymous terms. «Double teeth» diagnosis and treatment are a challenge for dentist, as well as its nomenclature. Differential diagnosis with macrodontia must be carried out. Affected tooth frequently show poor aesthetic, being more susceptible to caries and periodontal disease. It is necessary to carry out an exhaustive clinical and radiographic examination to provide a correct diagnosis for achieving an early treatment, if necessary. Treatment choice in double-teeth depends upon the type of affected dentition, aesthetic involvement, dental arch morphology and occlusion pattern. When requiring endodontic treatment, more attention during certain stages, especially in diagnostic radiology, and in access, and location of roots canals are compulsory. This article discuss the prevalence, etiology, pathogenesis, differential diagnosis and treatment of double-teeth through four clinical cases


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Adolescente , Adulto , Dentes Fusionados/epidemiologia , Anormalidades Dentárias , Dentes Fusionados/etiologia , Prevalência , Diagnóstico Diferencial
3.
Endodoncia (Madr.) ; 32(2): 85-96, abr.-jun. 2014. tab, ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-130073

RESUMO

La respuesta inmune innata de la pulpa frente a las bacterias de la caries se inicia cuando las células efectoras (monocito-macrófagos, células dendríticas inmaduras, células NK, células T y, en la pulpa, también los odontoblastos) reconocen, a través de los receptores toll-like (TLRs), los patrones moleculares inespecíficos presentes en las bacterias (ácido lipoteicoico, LPS, ARN bacteriano). Pero otros mecanismos efectores juegan también un papel fundamental en la respuesta inmune innata pulpar: a) la permeabilidad dentinaria y la presión del fluido dentinario; b) los odontoblastos, habiéndose demostrado que expresan genes de quimioquinas (CXCL2, CXCL8), de receptores de quimioquinas (CXCR2, CCRL1) y los receptores TLR2 y TLR4; c) los neuropéptidos pulpares (CGRP, SP, NKA, NPY, VIP) y la inflamación neurogénica; d) las células efectoras de la inmunidad inespecífica, incluyendo los monocito-macrófagos, las células dendríticas inmaduras (CDs), las células NK (asesinas naturales, natural killer) y las células T; e) las citoquinas innatas (TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, INF-γ); f) las quimioquinas o factores quimiotácticos (CXCL12, CXCL13), y g) los factores humorales. Si esta respuesta innata consigue eliminar precozmente la mayoría de los antígenos que llegan a la pulpa, la inflamación puede ser reversible. Por el contrario, si la infección persiste termina activándose la respuesta inmune adaptativa específica, que incrementa la inflamación y aumenta el edema y la presión intrapulpar, lo que en una cavidad inextensible como lo es la cavidad pulpar, acaba por producir un daño irreversible a la pulpa (pulpitis irreversible, necrosis pulpar)


The pulp innate immune response to caries initiates when its effector cells (monocyte-macrophages, immature dendritic cells, NK cells, T cells and, in the pulp, also the odontoblasts) recognize, by the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that expressed in their membranes, certain non-specific molecular patterns present in bacteria (lipoteichoic acid, LPS, bacterial RNA). But the effector mechanisms of the pulp innate immune response also include: a) dentin permeability and dentin fluid pressure; b) odontoblasts, who express chemokine genes (CXCL2, CXCL8), chemokine receptors genes (CXCR2, CCRL1), and TLR2 and TLR4 receptors. c) pulp neuropeptides (CGRP, SP, NKA, NPY, VIP); d) the effector cells of innate immunity, including monocyte-macrophages, immature dendritic cells (CDs), NK (natural killer) cells and T cells; e) innate cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, INF-γ); f) chemokines (CXCL12, CXCL13); and g) humoral factors. If this innate response eliminate early most of the antigens reaching the pulp, the inflammation may be reversible. On the contrary, if infection persists the specific adaptive immune response is estimulated, increasing inflammation, edema and intrapulp pressure, conducting to irreversible damage of the pulp (irreversible pulpitis, pulp necrosis)


Assuntos
Humanos , Cárie Dentária/complicações , Pulpite/fisiopatologia , Periodontite Periapical/fisiopatologia , Tratamento do Canal Radicular/métodos , Vias Eferentes , Infecções/fisiopatologia , Mediadores da Inflamação/análise , Inflamação/fisiopatologia , Permeabilidade da Dentina
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